NCERT Physics Solutions Class 12 Chapter 8 Electromagnetic Waves

Here we are going to provide NCERT Solutions Class 12 Physics Chapter 8 Electromagnetic Waves

Summary of NCERT Class 12 Physics Chapter 8: Electromagnetic Waves

1. Introduction

• Electromagnetic Waves: Waves that are composed of oscillating electric and magnetic fields that are perpendicular to each other and to the direction of wave propagation.
• These waves do not require a medium to travel and can propagate through a vacuum.

2. Displacement Current

• Displacement Current: Introduced by Maxwell, it is a term added to Ampere’s law to account for the changing electric field in a capacitor.

Question 1.
Figure shows a capacitor made of two circular plates each of radius 12 cm and separated by 5.0 cm. The capacitor is being charged by an external source (not shown in figure). The charging current is constant and equal to 0.15 A.
(a) Calculate the capacitance and the rate of change of potential difference between the plates.
(b) Obtain the displacement current across the plates.
(c) Is Kirchhoffs first rule valid at each plate of the capacitor ? Explain.

Answer:

(c) Yes. Because conduction current entering one plate is equal to the displacement current leaving that plate.

Question 2.
A parallel plate capacitor (shown in the figure) made of circular plates each of radius R = 6.0 cm has a capacitance C = 100 pF. The capacitor is connected to a 230 V a.c. supply with an (angular) frequency of 300 rad s^_1.
(a) What is the r .m.s. value of the conduction current?

(b) Is the conduction current equal to the displacement current?
(c) Determine the amplitude of B→ at a point 3.0 cm from the axis between the plates.

Answer:

Question 3.
What physical quantity is the same for X-rays of g g wavelength 10^-10 m, the red light of wavelength 6800 A, and radiowaves of wavelength 500 m?
Answer:
The speed in a vacuum is the same for all are c = 3 x 10⁸ ms^-1. (Electromagnetic waves)

Question 4.
A plane electromagnetic wave travels in a vacuum along Z-direction. What can you say about the directions of its electric and magnetic field vectors? If the frequency of the wave is 30 MHz, what is its wavelength?
Answer:
The electric field vector E→ and magnetic field vectorB→ are in xy plane. They are normal to each other.

Question 5.
A radio can tune into any station in the 7.5 MHz to 12 MHz band. What is the corresponding wavelength band ?
Answer:

=> The corresponding wavelength band is 40 m to 25 m.

Question 6.
A charged particle oscillates about its mean equilibrium position with a frequency of 10⁹ Hz. What is the frequency of the electromagnetic waves produced by the oscillator?
Answer:
The frequency of the electromagnetic waves produced is the same as that of the oscillating charged particle. Hence the frequency of the electro­magnetic waves produced is, υ= 10⁹ Hz.

Question 7.
The amplitude of the magnetic field part of a harmonic electromagnetic wave in a vacuum is B₀ =510 nT. What is the electromagnetic waves produced by the oscillator?
Answer:

Question 8.
Suppose that the electric field amplitude of an electromagnetic wave is E₀ = 120 N/C and that its frequency is v = 50.0 MHz.
(a) Determine, B₀, ω, k and λ.
(b) Find expressions for E and B.
Answer:

Question 9.
The terminology of different parts of the electromagnetic spectrum is given in the text. Use the formula E = hv (for the energy of a quantum of radiation: photon) and obtain the photon energy in units of eV for different parts of the electromagnetic spectrum. In what way are the different scales of photon energies that you obtain related to the sources of electromagnetic radiation?
Answer:
Using the relation for photon energy,

Conclusion. The above result indicates that the different wavelengths in the electromagnetic spectrum can be obtained by multiplying roughly the powers often.
The visible wavelengths are spaced by a few eV.
The nuclear energy levels (from y rays) are spaced about 1 MeV.

Question 10.
In-plane electromagnetic wave, the electric field oscillates sinusoidally at a frequency of 2.0 x 10¹⁰ Hz and amplitude 48 Vm^_1.
(a) What is the wavelength of the wave?
(b) What is the amplitude of the oscillating magnetic field?
(c) Show that the average energy density of the E field equals the average energy density of the B field. [c= 3 x 10⁸ ms^-1].
Answer:

Question 11.
Suppose that the electric field part of an electromagnetic wave in a vacuum is
E = {(3.1 N/C) cos[(1.8 rad/m)y + (5.4 x 10⁶ rad/s)f]}i^.
(a) What is the direction of propagation?
(b) What is the wavelength X?
(c) What is the frequency v?
(d) What is the amplitude of the magnetic field part of the wave?
(e) Write an expression for the magnetic field part of the wave.
Answer:

Question 12.
About 5% of the power of a 100 W light bulb is converted to visible radiation. What is the average intensity of visible radiation?
(a) at a distance of 1 m from the bulb?
(b) at a distance of 10 m?
Assume that the radiation is emitted isotropically and neglect reflection.
Answer:

Question 13.
Use the formula λ_mT = 029 cm K to obtain the characteristic temperature ranges for different parts of the electromagnetic spectrum. What do the numbers that you obtain tell you?
Answer:

These numbers tell us the range of temperature required to obtain the different parts of the spectrum. For example, to obtain a wavelength of 1 μm, a temperature of 2900 K is required.

Question 14.
Given below are some famous numbers associated with electromagnetic radiations in different contexts in physics. State the part of the electromagnetic spectrum to which each belongs.
(a) 21 cm (wavelength emitted by atomic hydrogen in interstellar space).
(b) 1057 MHz (frequency of radiation arising from two close energy levels in hydrogen; known as Lamb shift.)
(c) 2.7 K (temperature associated with the isotropic radiation filling all space-thought to be a relic of the ‘big-bang’ origin of the universe.)
(d) 5890 Å-5896 Å (double lines of sodium)
(e) 14.4 keV [energy of a particular transition in ⁵⁷Fe nucleus associated with a famous high-resolution spectroscopic method (Mossbauer spectroscopy).]
Answer:
(a) Radio waves (short-wavelength end)
(b) Radio waves (short-wavelength end)
(c)

(d) Given wavelength is of the order of 10^-7 m i.e visible radiations(yellow light)

Question 15.
Answer the following questions:

1. Long-distance radio broadcasts use shortwave bands. Why?  (C.B.S.E. 2005)
2. It is necessary to use satellites for long-distance TV transmission. Why? (C.B.S.E. 2005)
3. Optical and radio telescopes are built on the ground but X-ray astronomy is possible only from satellites orbiting the earth. Why? (C.B.S.E. 2009)
4. The small ozone layer on top of the stratosphere is crucial for human survival. Why ?(C.B.S.E. 2005, 2009)
5. If the earth did not have an atmosphere, would its average surface temperature be higher or lower than what it is now?
6. Some scientists have predicted that a global nuclear war on the earth would be followed by a severe nuclear winter’ with a devastating effect on life on earth. What might be the basis of this prediction? (C.B.S.E. 1995)

Answer:

1. The ionosphere reflects waves in these bands.
2. Television signals are of >30 MHz penetrate the ionosphere. Therefore, reflection is effected by satellites.
3. The atmosphere absorbs X-rays. while visible and radio waves can penetrate it.
4. It absorbs ultraviolet radiation from the sun and prevents it from reaching the earth’s surface and causing damage to life.
5. The temperature of the earth would be lower because the Greenhouse effect of the atmosphere would be absent.
6. The clouds produced by global nuclear war would perhaps cover substantial parts of the sky preventing solar light from reaching many parts of the globe. This would cause a ‘winter’. against which life on earth cannot withstand.